Part 1: Vibrational Spectroscopy
1.1S Explain why vibrational spectroscopy gives qualitative information about the structural features of organic molecules.
1.2S Explain the difference between Rayleigh scattering and Raman scattering.
Essays
1.1E Fourier transform instruments now dominate analysis in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Describe how an FT-IR instrument works and the inherent advantages of using the Fourier transform in infrared spectroscopy.

Part 2: Atomic Spectroscopy
2.1S Compare and contrast the analytical attributes of the use of the flame source vs. a graphite furnace in atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
2.2S There are significant differences between the sensitivity and detection limits for atomic absorption spectroscopy vs. atomic emission spectroscopy. Which one is more sensitive? Explain why.
Essays
2.2E Identify and describe the physical principles that dictate line widths in atomic spectroscopy. That is to say, explain reasons that make it such that line widths are NOT infinitely narrow in atomic spectroscopy.

Part 3: Mass Spectrometry and Separations
3.1S Hand draw (or use graphics software—do NOT simply copy a curve from an internet source) to sketch a generalized van Deemter plot. Axes MUST be labeled! Then explain why the van Deemter curve has the shape it does—in other words, using the various terms used in the van Deemter equation, explain why certain terms dominate in specific regions of the curve.

3.2S Having studied in detail many types of detectors used in gas chromatography, explain why you think a mass spectrometer was used as the detector on the Viking space probes to Mars to screen Martian soils for organic molecules.
Essays
3.2E Compare and contrast gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis as techniques for the separation of molecules. Both the operational principles as well as the types of molecules which are separated by each method must be discussed.

Part 4: Electrochemistry
4.1S Explain the difference between electrodes of the first kind, second kind, and third kind and cite examples (identify) for each type.
4.2S What are micro- and nanoelectrodes? Define them, describe their analytical features of merit, and describe one situation in which you think these types of electrodes might be ideal for quantitative analysis.
Essays
4.2E Provide a detailed discussion of the technique of cyclic voltammetry and how it can be used both for quantitative analysis as well as qualitative analysis.

Part 5: Comprehensive
5E In the field of forensics, analytical instrumentation is used extensively. This is often reported in the news. In this question, your knowledge across the semester will be assessed using real forensics cases. It is EXPECTED that you will be consulting sources OUTSIDE of the course to help you develop your answers. The following cases are great examples of the use of analytical instrumentation in forensics.
A) In 2007, a number of dogs (and some cats) in the United States were becoming ill with renal disorders, or even dying, from an unknown cause. Using the technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), scientists at the Food and Drug Administration began an intensive forensic search to try and identify a cause, and ultimately discovered that imported wheat, soy, and rice gluten used in pet food imported from China was contaminated with melamine in order to give it a high nitrogen protein content in testing. Discuss why you think GC-MS was the technique used to identify melamine as an (intentional) contaminant in the pet food. Ref: J. J. Litzau, G. E. Mercer, and K. J. Mulligan, GC-MS Screen for the Presence of Melamine, Ammeline, Ammelide, and Cyanuric Acid; US FDA Laboratory Information Bulletin, LIB No. 4423, Volume 24, October 2008.
B) A forensics investigation of drinking water from homes in Flint, Michigan, led by Professor Marc Edwards (a B.S. graduate of UB) from Virginia Tech revealed elevated levels of lead in drinking water. A recent publication based on the analysis one of the homes (Ref: K. J. Pieper, M. Tang, and M. A. Edwards, Flint Water Crisis Caused by Interrupted Corrosion Control: Investigating “Ground Zero” Home. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51, 2007-2014) described that inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to detect lead in drinking water. Discuss why you think ICP-MS was used for the quantification of lead in drinking water at the ppb level.
C) The technique of agarose gel electrophoresis is used in the technique of DNA fingerprinting. Discuss how this technique can be used in forensics analysis to match a suspect with a biological sample or in establishing maternal and paternal relationships, which was used to identify two buried corpses of missing Romanov children assassinated after the Russian Revolution. Ref: Coble MD, Loreille OM, Wadhams MJ, Edson SM, Maynard K, Meyer CE, Niederstätter H, Berger C, Berger B, Falsetti AB, Gill P, Parson W, Finelli LN. Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis. PLoS One. 2009, 4, e4838.
D) The detection of trace blood at a crime scene uses the reagent luminol and the process of chemiluminescence. Describe how the method is used in crime scene analysis for detecting blood, and explain why this method, based on its analytical advantages and drawbacks, remains one of the most popular approaches for detecting blood even though it was developed over 75 years ago. Ref: Proescher F. and Moody A.M. Detection of blood by means of chemiluminescence. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 1939, 24, 1183–1189.
E) Voltammetric methods have recently been introduced to screen potential gunshot residues (GSR) in the field (Ref: A. M. O’Mahony, I. A. Samek, S. Sattayasamitsathit, and J. Wang. Orthogonal Identification of Gunshot Residue with Complementary Detection Principles of Voltammetry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy: Sample, Screen, and Confirm. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 8031-8036). Explain why voltammetry may be an attractive approach as a screening method for GSR in the field, and why other methods would be needed to confirm this in a laboratory setting.

Part 1: Vibrational Spectroscopy 1.1S Explain why vibrational spe...