The Connection between Religion and Collective Action: A Look at Abolition and Civil Rights

Organized religion in the United States has always been a catalyst for collective action by a variety of groups of several different political orientations.
In the early 19th century, the Second Great Awakening gave moral power to the abolitionist movement, but also caused a counter-movement in the South against African-American rights which continued well after the Civil War.

During the 1960s, the civil rights movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King would not have been as successful as it was without the appeal of religion.
In the late 1970s, the Southern evangelical movement was also galvanized as a political force by their religious leanings.

The evangelicals became one of the most powerful lobbies in the United States, and candidates on the right required their votes to win elections from 1980 to the present, especially in areas where megachurches dominate the religious landscape.

Abolitionist leaders could not have formed such a powerful movement during the early and middle 19th century without religion as a central force.
Evangelical preachers like Theodore Weld in the Northeast used their pulpits to proclaim slavery as an evil that needed to be eradicated and argued that Southern slave owners were equivalent to the Egyptians that enslaved the Israelites in the Book of Exodus.

Hankins (2004) states that Weld was originally a re-colonization advocate, but eventually converted to the abolitionist cause after advice from his fellow Northeast preachers. At the time, re-colonization was considered as a possible solution for African slaves who became freedmen.
Instead of moving to the Northeast cities or being freed in the South, they would immigrate back to

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